In my single player coast map, I made a huge garden just because I could. Also found out which plants grew the fastest too. Also good for starting a new game.
Fastest to slowest harvest:
1. Sugar Beets and lettuce (fast)
2. Carrots
3. Watermelons
4. Broccoli, potato, pumpkin, strawberry (also cotton)
5. Corn and tomato....same time apples reproduce on a mature tree. (super slow)
Chili peppers and Hemp, no have clue on growing speeds. Found them after everything was done growing. Have not done speed for fruit trees.
For trees:
Palm looks to be the fastest.
Birch I also like using.
Trees for most wood...
Spruce 5 to 6
Others gives 5
fruit trees gives 4